Derivation and Validation of Guidelines for Stool Cultures for Enteropathogenic Bacteria Other Than Clostridium difficile in Hospitalized Adults
2001
ContextThe yield of in-hospital stool cultures performed more than 72 hours
after admission is low, and a commonly used policy dictates that laboratories
reject these cultures to save costs. However, enteropathogenic bacteria other
than Clostridium difficile (EPB) may cause nosocomial illness that would be missed by use of such
a "3-day rule."ObjectiveTo develop guidelines for hospital use of stool cultures that are sensitive
to clinically relevant cases of sporadic and epidemic nosocomial diarrhea.DesignFive-part study that incorporated a derivation sample based on retrospective
chart review and a prospective cohort study (including cost savings analysis),
and a validation sample based on retrospective chart review.SettingFour European academic health care centers.PatientsDerivation sample: 1735 adult inpatients from whom 3416 stool cultures
were obtained during a 19-month period (1995-1997) and 68 adult inpatients
for whom EPB were grown from stool cultures during a 10-year period (1988-1998);
validation sample: 65 patients with sporadic isolation of EPB (1993-1998),
56 patients involved in 2 nosocomial Salmonella outbreaks
(1992 and 1997), and 330 patients who had stool cultures performed (1998).Main Outcome MeasurePerformance of derived criteria in detecting pathogenic bacteria and
outbreaks and reducing total number of stool cultures performed.ResultsStool cultures grew EPB in 3.3% of samples obtained ≤72 hours after
admission and 0.5% of samples obtained thereafter (P<.001).
Isolation of EPB >72 hours after admission was not associated with clinical
symptoms or signs but was associated with community-acquired diarrhea (24%),
age 65 years or older with preexisting comorbid disease (25%), neutropenia
(13%), HIV infection (10%), and nondiarrheal manifestations of enteric infections
(16%). Twelve percent were asymptomatic carriers. These characteristics were
used to create criteria for selecting patients for whom stool cultures would
be indicated. These criteria were applied post hoc to a series of 1025 stool
cultures; the number of stool cultures would have been reduced by 52% and
no clinically significant cases would have been missed. Annual savings to
a 355-bed institution would be approximately $7800 for reagent costs and 75
hours of technician time. In the validation samples, only 2 patients of 65
who had EPB would not have been identified, and neither required treatment.
If the 3-day rule had been applied, 52 cases would not have been identified,
28 of which required antibiotic treatment.ConclusionOur modified 3-day rule for use in selecting cases for stool culture
is sensitive to sporadic and epidemic cases of nosocomial diarrhea in hospitalized
adults.
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