Simulation and Ureteroscopy (URS)

Surgical training has evolved considerably since the time of Halsted, with the “see one, do one, teach one” approach now replaced with graduated responsibility. Simulation has grown to play an increasingly important role in this process. The endourologic skill of ureteroscopy has been a particular focus of simulator development. Simulation platforms based on human cadavers, animal models, benchtop models, and virtual reality have all demonstrated high value and educational promise. This chapter reviews the concepts and terminology necessary to understand a simulator’s assessment, as well as the existing literature on simulation in ureteroscopy.