Microglial priming through the lung–brain axis: the role of air pollution–induced circulating factors

Air pollution is implicated in neurodegenerative disease risk and progression and in microglial activation, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, microglia remained activated 24 h after ozone (O3) exposure in rats, suggesting a persistent signal from lung to brain. Ex vivo analysis of serum from O3-treated rats revealed an augmented microglial proinflammatory response and β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) neurotoxicity independent of traditional circulating cytokines, where macrophage-1 antigen-mediated microglia proinflammatory priming. Aged mice exhibited reduced pulmonary immune profiles and the most pronounced neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to mixed vehicle emissions. Consistent with this premise, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)−/− mice exhibited impaired pulmonary immune responses concurrent with augmented neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to O3. Further, aging glia were more sensitive to the proinflammatory effects of O3 serum. Together, these findings ...