Effective Immunization of Cattle

Development of highly effective and safe vaccines based on all of the best scientific information available will achieve little or nothing if the vaccines are not used appropriately. Thus the challenges for vaccinologists into the 21st century will be to develop vaccines that are: 1) truly needed, 2) as safe as possible, to avoid immediate or future health problems for the vaccinees and non-vaccinated contacts, 3) effective in preventing disease in the vaccinees and possibly effective in reducing the threat of disease for non-vaccinated individuals, 4) cost effective (e.g. do not cause production losses that are greater than the savings expected from the vaccine) and, 5) stable and easily administered, so they readily reach the target population that will benefit by receiving them.