Three-dimensional quantification of freshly-excised human lymph node properties using high-frequency ultrasound

Human lymph nodes excised from cancer patients during lymphadenectomy can contain small clinically-important metastatic regions that can be missed because conventional histopathology methods do not allow nodes to be examined over their entire volume. In this study, more than 250 lymph nodes were scanned in 3D using a 26-MHz ultrasound transducer before histology processing. Acquired radio-frequency data were processed using 3D regions-of-interest to yield thirteen quantitative ultrasound (QUS) estimates. The QUS estimates are related to tissue microstructure and are hypothesized to be different in normal nodal tissue and metastatic tissue. Four QUS estimates were obtained from backscattered spectra and the remaining nine were derived from envelope statistics. Following ultrasound scanning, serial-section histology was performed at 50-μm intervals to depict cancer foci in 3D. Classification based on QUS estimates was performed using linear-discriminant analyses in a step-wise approach, and areas under ROC ...