The Role of Machine Learning Techniques to Tackle COVID-19 Crisis: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 has caused havoc with patients presenting a spectrum of complications forcing the healthcare experts around the globe to explore new technological solutions, and treatment plans Artificial Intelligence (AI) based technologies have played a substantial role in solving complex problems, and several organizations have been swift to adopt and customize them in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review on the role of AI as a comprehensive and decisive technology to fight the COVID-19 crisis in the arena of epidemiology, diagnosis, and disease progression METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify all potentially relevant studies published and made available between December 1, 2019, and June 27, 2020 The search syntax was built using keywords specific to COVID-19 and AI RESULTS: The search strategy resulted in 419 articles, published and made available between December 1, 2019, and June 27, 2020 Of which, 130 publications were selected for analysis The studies were classified into three themes based on AI applications employed to combat the COVID-19 crisis: Computational Epidemiology (CE), Early Detection and Diagnosis (EDD), and Disease Progression (DP) Of the 130 studies, 71 focused on predicting the outbreak, the impact of containment policies, and potential drug discoveries, which were grouped into the CE theme For the EDD, we grouped forty studies that applied AI techniques to detect the presence of COVID-19 using the patients' radiological images or lab results Nineteen publications that focused on predicting the disease progression, outcomes (recovery and mortality), Length of Stay (LOS), and number of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) days for COVID-19 positive patients were classified under the DP theme CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review, we assembled the current COVID-19 literature that utilized AI methods to provide insights into the COVID-19 themes, highlighting the important variables, data types, and available COVID-19 resources that can assist in facilitating clinical and translational research