Validation of hydrogen cyanide fumigation in flourmills to control the confused flour beetle

3 ). The Ct-P levels (ranging from 79 g/h/m 3 to 100 g/h/m 3 ) reached during the mill fumigations with HCN were less than half of the labelled HCN rate (240 g/h/m 3 ). Nevertheless, the current HCN dosage is still sufficient since the Ct-P reached during the mill fumigations was at least 99× higher than that required for the exterminating to the lab strain and 18× higher than that required for the field strain extermination. These results were confirmed in mill validation testing, where 100% mortality of T. confusum adults was achieved.