in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients

Background: Natural Killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on phosphorylation of the mitogen ‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway to produce an effective immune response for the clearance of target cells infected with viruses, bacteria or malignantly transformed cells. Intracellular signals activating NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxic activity are propagated through protein phosphorylation of MAPKs including MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity is consistently reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients and intracellular signalling by MAPK in NK cells remains to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate MAPK downstream signalling molecules in NK cell phenotypes from CFS/ME patients. Methods: Flow cytometric protocols were used to measure phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway in CD56 bright CD‑ 16 dim/− and CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells following stimulation with K562 tumour cells or phorbol‑12‑myristate‑13‑acetate plus ionomycin. NK cell cytotoxic activity, degranulation, lytic proteins and cytokine production were also measured as markers for CD56 bright CD16 dim/− and CD56 dim CD16 + NK cell function using flow cytometric protocols. Results: CFS/ME patients (n = 14) had a significant decrease in ERK1/2 in CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells compared to the non‑fatigued controls (n = 11) after incubation with K562 cells. CD56 bright CD16 dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients