On the Limits of Highest-Occupied Molecular Orbital Driven Reactions: The Frontier Effective-for-Reaction Molecular Orbital Concept

We carried out Hartree−Fock (HF) and density functional theory calculations for 61 compounds, the conjugated bases of carboxylic acids, phenols, and alcohols, and analyzed their acid−base behavior using molecular orbital (MO) energies and their dependence on solvent effects. Despite the well-known correlation between highest-occupied MO (HOMO) energies and pKa, we observed that HOMO energies are inadequate to describe the acid−base behavior of these compounds. Therefore, we established a criterion to identify the best frontier MO for describing pKa values and also to understand why the HOMO approach fails. The MO that fits our criterion provided very good correlations with pKa values, much better than those obtained by HOMO energies. Since they are the frontier molecular orbitals that drive the acid−base reactions in each compound, they were called frontier effective-for-reaction MOs, or FERMOs. By use of the FERMO concept, the reactions that are HOMO driven, and those that are not, can be better explaine...