Strategies and stability study for a triopoly game considering product recovery based on closed-loop supply chain

This paper is focused on a triopoly closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) game model, including triopoly oligopolies applying for circular economy development. In the CLSC model, manufacturers sell new products and re-collect waste products for maximizing their profits. This paper analyzes the game processing, the Nash equilibrium solutions, and the stability of the game model. Moreover, the influences of parameters on the system’s stability have been investigated, using the maximal Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation graph, and the stable domain. The results show that the system will be unstable when the adjustment speed of the manufacture is too high; unreasonable price strategies could easily cause system bifurcation; the critical point of system bifurcation is closely related to the collecting price.