Synthesis and Antineoplastic Evaluation of Mitochondrial Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Inhibitors Derived from Atpenin A5

Mitochondrial complex II (CII) is an emerging target for numerous human diseases. Sixteen analogues of the CII inhibitor natural product atpenin A5 were prepared to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the C-5 pyridine side chain. The side chain ketone moiety was determined to be pharmacophoric, engendering a bioactive conformation. Analogue 16c displayed CII IC50 = 64 nM, retained selectivity for CII over mitochondrial complex I (>156-fold) and possessed a ligand-lipophilicity efficiency of 5.62, desirable metrics for a lead compound. This derivative and other highly potent complex II inhibitors possess potent and selective anti-proliferative activity in multiple human prostate cancer cell lines under both normoxia and hypoxia, acting to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport.