Microalgal Fatty Acids and Their Implication in Health and Disease
2017
The fatty acids of seed plants and microalgae stored in
triglyceride are all produced in the plastid and incorporated into
triglycerides by a complex biochemical exchange between the plastid envelope
and the endoplasmic reticulum. The oils of seed plants provide the basis for
vegetal fat production and the microalgal fats represent an important part
of the basal food web of the marine environment. The health-promoting
properties of these various sources of fats and in particular the long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine microalgae are widely recognized. The
omega-3 fatty acids are known to have benefits on health and disease.
Indeed, alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids
(DHA) are linked to the regulation of mechanisms involved in numerous
biological functions associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer
prevention. Most EPA and DHA sources for human nutrition are provided by
decreasing global stocks of fish. This is one of the reasons why industrial
research has been directed towards more sustainable sources of these
“marine” lipids. The synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides are in
many respects similar in higher plants and marine algae, but there are also
important differences. This mini-review covers the biochemistry of fatty
acid and lipid synthesis in marine microalgae, and the potential health
impact of the different fats is also discussed.
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