Factors influencing the deposition of the inverse shape of 3D metal printing using electrochemical deposition

In this study, the parameters of a three-dimensional (3D) additive printing process of pure copper (Cu) without supports was investigated using localized electroplating with precisely controlled nozzle fluid dynamics. In addition, we analyzed the characteristics of inverse shape formations in relation to the main additive manufacturing factors, such as applied voltage, anode movement speed, and Z-axis rise per cycle. The length of the shape produced horizontal to the ground and size of the bottom stack, which can be used to inverse the shape via the radius, were confirmed and an optimum condition was investigated. Finally, the successful fabrication of complicated inverse tapered 3D structures, such as spiral rings, was demonstrated using the proposed method.