α-Amylases of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei ) and their inhibition by two plant amylase inhibitors

Abstract The adult coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari [Coleoptera: Scolytidae]), a major insect pest of coffee, has two major digestive α-amylases that can be separated by isoelectric focusing. The α-amylase activity has a broad pH optimum between 4.0 and 7.0. Using pH indicators, the pH of the midgut was determined to be between 4.5 and 5.2. At pH 5.0, the coffee berry borer α-amylase activity is inhibited substantially (80%) by relatively low levels of the amylase inhibitor (αAI-1) from the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., and much less so by the amylase inhibitor from Amaranthus . We used an in-gel zymogram assay to demonstrate that seed extracts can be screened to find suitable inhibitors of amylases. The prospect of using the genes that encode these inhibitors to make coffee resistant to the coffee berry borer via genetic engineering is discussed.