Practical Raman spectroscopy

1 Introduction to Raman Scattering.- 1.1 Historical Introduction.- 1.2 Spontaneous Raman Theory.- 1.3 Resonance Raman Theory.- 1.4 References.- 2 Raman Sampling.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Gaseous and Liquid Samples.- 2.3 Single-Crystal Samples.- 2.4 Excitation Focusing.- 2.5 Collection Optics.- 2.6 Absorbing Samples.- 2.7 Backscattering by Absorbing Samples.- 2.8 Wide-Angle Objectives.- 2.9 Films and Adsorbed Species.- 2.10 Integrated Optics.- 2.11 Excitation with Circularly-Polarized Light.- 2.12 Apologia.- 2.13 References.- 3 Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy.- 3.1 Sample Handling.- 3.2 The Light Source.- 3.3 Optics.- 3.4 The Spectrometer.- 3.5 Detectors and Gratings.- 3.6 Computing.- 3.7 References.- 4 Calibration and Data Handling.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion.- 4.3 Frequency Calibration.- 4.4 Frequency Response Calibrations.- 4.5 Methods of Data Analysis.- 4.6 References.- 5 Non-Standard Physical and Chemical Environments.- 5.1 High Temperature.- 5.2 Low Temperature and Matrix Isolation.- 5.3 High Pressure.- 5.4 Special Chemical Environments.- 5.5 References.- 6 Raman Microscopy.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic Principles of Microprobe Operation.- 6.3 Raman Microprobe Optical Design.- 6.4 Sample Preparation (Discrete Particles and Liquids).- 6.5 Thermally Sensitive Samples.- 6.6 Environmentally Sensitive Samples.- 6.7 Spatial Resolution and Spatial Filtering.- 6.8 Optical Microscope Illumination Techniques and Applications.- 6.9 Temperature and Pressure Techniques with the Raman Microprobe.- 6.10 Polarization Ratios.- 6.11 Raman Imaging and Mapping.- 6.12 Application Areas.- 6.13 References.- Further Reading.