Indirubin-3'-oxime suppresses human cholangiocarcinoma through cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis

Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the most serious of all cancers and a major public health problem. CCA is an extremely invasive cancer, and the survival rate for CCA patients is only 24 months after diagnosis. Although surgery and chemotherapy can extend the survival rate to 5 years,