Connexin-43 regulates p38-mediated cell migration and invasion induced selectively in tumour cells by low doses of γ-radiation in an ERK-1/2-independent manner

Radiotherapy exposes certain regions of solid tumours to low sublethal doses of γ-radiation that may cause secondary malignancies. Therefore, evaluating low-dose-γ-radiation-induced alterations in tumorigenic potential and understanding their mechanisms could help in improving radiotherapy outcome. Limited studies have indicated connexin (Cx) up-regulation by low doses, whereas Cxs are independently shown to alter cell migration in unirradiated cells. We investigated low-dose-γradiation-induced alterations in Cx43 expression and cell prol iferation/migration/invasion in various tumour cell lines, along with the putative molecular pathways such as p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2)–mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Interestingly, a narrow range of low doses (10–20 cGy) enhanced Cx43 expression and also selectively induced glioma cell migration without altering cell proliferation, accompanied by sustained activation of p38 and up-regulation of p21waf1/cip1, whereas the lowest (5 cGy) dose induced cell proliferation coupled with enhanced p-ERK1/2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p-H3 levels without inducing cell migration. Most importantly, low-dose-γ-radiation-induced cell migration and p38 activation was strongly inhibited by knocking down Cx43 expression, thereby demonstrating latter’s upstream role, whereas the knock-down had no effect on ERK-1/2 or cell proliferation. Silencing Cx43 caused near-complete inhibition of radiation-induced cell migration/invasion in all tumour cell lines (U87, BMG-1, A549 and HeLa), whereas no cell migration/ invasiveness was induced in the γ-irradiated primary VH10 or transformed AA8 fibroblasts. Our study demonstrates for the first time that low-dose γ-radiation induces p38-MAPK mediated cell migration selectively in tumour cells. Further, this effect is regulated by Cx43, which could thus be an important mediator in radiation-induced secondary malignancies and/or metastasis.