Kidney Cancer: From Basics to Immunotherapy

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 80–85% of primary renal malignancies. The clear cell subtype is the most common and best represented in clinical trials. The detection of other histologies of renal tumors and various surgical strategies combined with the understanding of molecular biology and immunology directed to VHL-HIF-VEGF, mTOR and PD-L1 have modified the natural history of this disease and brought new dynamics to the algorithm of treatment of this disease. Our purpose is to review the biological mechanisms and present the results of important clinical trials in the area of kidney cancer.