Seasonal and spatial variations of magnetic susceptibility and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dusts of Thessaloniki city, Greece: A one-year monitoring period

Abstract A one-year sampling campaign of road dusts was carried out at 10 distinct sites in the broader area of the city of Thessaloniki, Greece and concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) along with magnetic susceptibility were evaluated. The concentrations of HMs in road dusts were higher than their local background values, while magnetic parameters indicated a significant anthropogenic load. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified non-exhaust vehicular emissions, oil/fuel combustion and industrial activities as major sources of heavy metals accounted for approximately 73% of the total variance. A significant seasonal variability for Cr, Cu, Mn, and χ lf was observed with constantly higher values during summer. Moreover, variations among urban and industrial sites were more pronounced for Cr, Cu, Zn, and χ lf , while they displayed insignificant variations across all urban sites. On the contrary, concentration peaks in the urban cluster were observed for Cd, Mn, and Ni coinciding with the port area. Based on multiple pollution indices, a severe polluted area was revealed, while potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated a high potential ecological risk with Cd being regarded as the pollutant of high concern. The health risk assessment model indicated ingestion as the major exposure pathway. For both adults and children, Cr and Pb had the highest risk values, mainly recorded in the urban cluster underscoring the need of potential measures to reduce road dust in urban environments.