Nanostructured Biointerfaces Based on Bioceramic Calcium Carbonate/Hydrogel Coatings on Titanium with an Active Enzyme for Stimulating Osteoblasts Growth

Novel bone growth‐stimulating interfaces are designed via surface modification of titanium (Ti) surfaces using the bioceramic CaCO3 in the vaterite phase, Ca‐crosslinked alginate hydrogel, or a blend of these two materials with an active enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as an osteoinductive component. The surface morphology and chemistry of the engineered surfaces are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the vaterite crystal fraction within the inorganic phase of the different coating types is determined by X‐ray diffraction. The functionality of the osteoconductive assembled bioceramic–hydrogel interface on Ti surface in regard with an active ALP payload is verified by the surface ALP loading and its activity. The methods of loading of ALP onto a Ti surface, adsorption versus coprecipitation, have a significant influence on the activity of immobilized ALP amount. The osteoblasts cultivated on the engineered surfaces functionalized with ALP exhibit a higher viability. The proposed composite materials with an active surface and a high mineral content represent an attractive biointerface for tissue engineering.