Isotopes of the Earth's Hydrosphere

Preface Part I Stable Isotopes 1 Introduction 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Waters 2.1 Some Properties ofWaters and Solutions 2.1.1 The Notion of Activity and the Activity Coefficient 2.1.2 The Relationship between Solvent and Solute Activity 2.2 Water Vapor Pressure over theWater and Solution 2.3 Physicochemical Foundations of Isotope Separation 2.4 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Separation at Phase Transition of Water 2.5 Relationship Between the Isotope Reaction Change Constant and the Fractionation Factor 2.6 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation at Interaction BetweenWater and Gases and Rocks 2.7 Isotope Geothermometry 3 Isotopic Composition of OceanWater 3.1 Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Water Dynamics 3.2 Effect of Evaporation and VerticalWater Exchange 3.3 Dynamics of the OceanWater 3.4 Isotopic Composition of OceanWater in the Past 4 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture 4.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrological Cycle 4.2 Isotopic Balance in the Global Hydrologic Cycle at Evaporation and Condensation of Water 4.3 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Water in the Past 5 Isotopic Composition of Surface Continental Waters 5.1 Isotopic Balance of the Continental Waters 5.2 Isotopic Composition of the River and Lake Water 5.3 Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins 6 Isotopic Composition ofWater in the Unsaturated and Saturated Zones 6.1 Relationship between Surface and Ground Water 6.2 Groundwater Recharge at Present Time 6.3 Groundwater Recharge in the Past 6.4 Identification of Area of Groundwater Recharge 6.5 Relationship between Aquifers 6.6 Mixing Proportions of Groundwater of Different Genesis 6.7 Groundwater Residence Time in an Aquifer 6.8 Relationship ofWaters in Conjugate Hydrologic Basins 7 Isotopic Composition of FormationWaters 7.1 Relationship Between Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in FormationWaters 7.2 Isotopic Composition of FormationWater in Sedimentary Basins 8 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Sedimentary Rocks of Marine Genesis and Implications for Paleothermometry 8.1 Isotopic Composition of Sediments and PoreWater 8.2 Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Cherts 8.3 Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Carbonate Rocks 8.4 Isotopic Composition of Evaporates 9 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions 9.1 Use of Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Water 9.2 Isotopic Geothermometers 10 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Minerals of Magmatic and Metamorphic Rocks and Fluid Inclusions 10.1 Role ofWater in Hydrothermal Alteration of the Rocks and Minerals 10.2 MeteoricWater in the Processes of Hydrothermal Formation of Minerals Part II Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 11 Other Stable Isotopes in the Hydrosphere 11.1 Stable Isotopes of Carbon 11.2 Stable Isotopes of Sulfur 12 Origin and Production of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 12.1 Composition of Cosmic Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere 12.2 Composition and Steady-state Abundances of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Outer Shells of the Earth 12.3 Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Exchange Reservoirs 13 Tritium in Natural Waters 13.1 Properties of Tritium and Sources of Its Occurrence 13.2 Global Circulation of Tritium Water 14 Radiocarbon in Natural Waters 14.1 Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Nature 14.2 Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere 14.3 Natural Radiocarbon in the Oceans 14.4 Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans 14.5 Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere 14.6 Principles of Radiocarbon Dating 14.7 Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater 14.8 Formation of Chemical and Isotonic Composition of Groundwater's Carbonate System 14.9 Corrections in Groundwater Dating by Radiocarbon Part III Radiogenic Isotopes 15 The Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters 15.1 Origin of Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere 15.2 Distribution of Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in the Hydrosphere 15.3 Use of Radioisotopes as Tracers in the Hydrological Cycle 16 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes 16.1 Geochemistry of Radiogenic Elements 16.2 Separation of Radiogenic Elements and Isotopes 16.3 Distribution of Radiogenic Elements in NaturalWaters Part IV Applications 17 Dating of SurfaceWater, Groundwater, and Sediments 17.1 Dating of Closed Reservoirs 17.2 Dating of Groundwater 17.3 Dating of Sediments 17.4 Isotopes of Radiogenic Elements as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes 18 Applications to the Problems of Dynamics of Natural Waters 18.1 Dynamics of Moisture in the Atmosphere 18.2 Mixing of River and SeaWaters in Estuaries 18.3 Water Exchange in the River Basins, Lakes, and Reservoirs 18.4 Water Dynamics in Unsaturated and Saturated Zone 18.5 Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater 18.6 Relationship of Aquifers 18.7 Separation of RechargedWater of Different Genesis in Mining 18.8 Determination of Radiocarbon Age of Groundwater 18.9 Determination of Flow Velocity and Direction in Regional Scale 18.10 Paleoclimatic and Paleohydrogeologic Studies 19 Paleohydrology of the Aral-Caspian Basin 19.1 Formulation of the Problem 19.2 General Description of Study in the Caspian Sea 19.3 Interpretation of Paleoclimatic Events 19.4 Study ofWater Regime in the Aral Sea 19.5 Interpretation of Bottom Sediments 19.6 Results and Conclusions 20 The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation and Origin of Hydrosphere 20.1 Existing Approaches to the Problem Solution 20.2 Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Natural Objects 20.3 Evidence from Carbon and Sulfur Isotopes 20.4 Chemical Differentiation of Proto-Planetary Substance 20.5 Recent Results of Study of the Earth Gravitational Field by the Satellites 20.6 The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation 20.7 Physical Meaning of Archimedes' and Coriolis' Forces 20.8 Self-Similarity Principle and Radial Component of Nonuniform Sphere 20.9 Charges-like Motion of Nonuniformities and Tangential Component of the Force Function 20.10 Differentiation of the Substances with Respect to Density and Condition for the Planet and the Satellite Separation 20.11 The Third Kepler's Law as a Kinematics Basis for the Solar System Bodies Creation Problem Solution 20.12 Conclusion References Index