Water-in-salt electrolyte for safe and high-energy aqueous battery

Abstract As one of the most promising energy storage systems, conventional lithium-ion batteries based on the organic electrolyte have posed challenges to the safety, fabrication, and environmental friendliness. By virtue of the high safety and ionic conductivity of water, aqueous lithium-ion battery (ALIB) has emerged as a potential alternative. Whereas, the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of water severely restricts the performance of ALIB. In recent years, with the introduction of water-in-salt electrolyte (21 mol LiTFSI in 1 kg H2O), the ESW of aqueous electrolyte was expanded to ∼3 V, which significantly improved the voltage and energy density of ALIBs. Nevertheless, in view of such high salt concentration, water-in-salt electrolyte will dramatically increase the cost of ALIBs. Hence, due to their lower cost and abundant resource, aqueous sodium-ion batteries and zinc-based batteries show great potential. Herein, the latest advances of water-in-salt electrolyte in aqueous rechargeable batteries are briefly reviewed. Some challenges and prospects of water-in-salt electrolyte are also discussed to broaden the horizons for future development.