Surface and Boney Landmarks for Sacral Neuromodulation: A Cadaveric Study
2014
Introduction and hypothesis
Standard external landmarks have been suggested as a guide for in-office percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE), but validity of these landmarks has not been assessed. Our objective was to determine whether the standard 9 cm from the tip of the coccyx indicates the position of the S3 sacral foramen and whether other boney landmarks and measurements improved positioning.
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