Landmarks in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this Perspective, the authors describe the timeline of advances in treating MIBC, including radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, the creation of increasingly sophisticated urinary diversions, use of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, bladder-sparing protocols, and immunotherapy.