Equine intestinal O-seroconverting temperate coliphage Hf4s: genomic and biological characterization.

Tailed bacteriophages constitute the bulk of the intestinal viromes of vertebrate animals. However, the relationships between lytic and lysogenic lifestyles of phages in these ecosystems are not always clear and may vary between the species or even between the individuals. The human intestinal (fecal) viromes are dominated mostly by temperate phages, while in horse feces virulent phages are more prevalent. Up to our knowledge, all the previously reported isolates of horse fecal coliphages are virulent. Temperate coliphage Hf4s was isolated from horse feces on the indigenous equine E. coli 4s strain. It is a podovirus, related to the Lederbergvirus genus (including the well-characterized Salmonella bacteriophage P22). Hf4s recognizes the host O antigen as its primary receptor and possesses a functional O antigen seroconversion cluster that renders the lysogens protected from superinfection by the same bacteriophage and also abolishes the adsorption of some indigenous equine virulent coliphages, such as DT57C, while other phages, such as G7C or phiKT retain the ability to infect E. coli 4s (Hf4s) lysogens. Importance: The relationships between virulent and temperate bacteriophages and their impact on high-density symbiotic microbial ecosystems of animals are not always clear and may vary between species or even between individuals. The horse intestinal virome is dominated by virulent phages, and Hf4s is the first temperate equine intestinal coliphage characterized. It recognizes the host O antigen as its primary receptor and possesses a functional O antigen seroconversion cluster that renders the lysogens protected from superinfection by some indigenous equine virulent coliphages, such as DT57C, while other phages, such as G7C or phiKT retain the ability to infect E. coli 4s (Hf4s) lysogens. These findings raise questions on the significance of bacteriophage-bacteriophage interactions on the ecology of microbial viruses in mammal intestinal ecosystems.