Neurodevelopment and the gut microbiome

Abstract Neurodevelopment after birth is a complex process in which neurons extend and form synaptic connections to define an individual’s neurocircuitry. It is widely known that the environment plays a crucial role in shaping this process, and if synaptogenesis is impaired, the result is lifelong disability. The human gut microbiome has been proposed as an important factor affecting neuronal growth, survival, and synaptogenesis, and the aim of this chapter is to present the evidence and mechanisms of the gut–brain axis that impact neurodevelopment. Topics of discussion include influences of the gut microbiome on nutrition, humoral communication, neuronal communication, and neuroinflammation.