Personalized Medicine and Theranostics: Applications to Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Tailored therapeutics based on diagnostic tests—theranostics—is shaping future health care. We describe recent progress in the search for biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) related to drug response. Robust and clinically validated predictive biomarkers for support of treatment optimization are of increased need, especially as the treatment options increase, to improve efficacy and safety as part of tailored therapeutics. Pharmacogenomic studies in MS were mainly focused on biomarkers for interferon beta response, and none of the markers has translated into clinical practice. The antibody-based tests for John Cunningham virus have been clinically validated and are implemented in clinical practice to aid care for natalizumab-treated patients. Participatory medicine empowers patients to be actively involved in their care by tailored medical information, according to their needs and expectations. It can increase adherence and, together with the biomarkers in development, contribute to improved health care of the patient with MS.