Gaming patterns and related symptoms in adolescents using cluster analysis: Baseline results from the Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE) study

Abstract Purpose: The risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) could vary by individual. The identification of more homogeneous subgroups may lead to better understanding of gaming behaviors and their consequences in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of IGD among the subgroups defined by cluster analysis in adolescents. Methods: A total of 2319 adolescents were enrolled in the Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE) study at baseline. Self-reported IGD was assessed with a DMS-5 adapted measurement. Smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms were evaluated by self-administered questionnaires. Cluster analysis was performed using risk and protective factors of IGD after considering multicollinearity. Results: Three different clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (19.2%) was users with combined potential psychological and social issues. Cluster 2 (32.3%) was users with potential social but no psychological issues. Cluster 3 (45.6%) was users with no potential issues of either a social or psychological nature. Adolescents from both clusters 1 and 2 showed higher degrees of IGD, smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms than did those from cluster 3. Also compared with adolescents in cluster 3, those in cluster 1 showed statistically higher risks of IGD (aOR:11.9, 95%CI:7.5–19.9), smartphone addiction (aOR:5.4, 95%CI:4.0–7.2), musculoskeletal discomfort (aOR:2.6, 95%CI:2.1–7.4), and dry eye symptoms (aOR:3.8, 95%CI:3.0–4.9). Those in cluster 2 also showed statistically higher risk of IGD, smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms compared with cluster 3 (aOR:4.5, 95%CI:2.8–7.6; aOR:2.8, 95%CI:2.1–3.7; aOR:1.6, 95%CI:1.3–1.9; and aOR:1.9, 95%CI:1.6–2.4, respectively). Conclusions: Clustering based on the risk and preventive factors of IGD may be suitable for determination of high risk of IGD in adolescents. However, we need to confirm the usefulness and clinical application of the classifications by observing their longitudinal changes.