Evaluation of up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow strips for rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis Spore, Brucella spp., and Yersinia pestis.

Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., and Yersinia pestis are zoonotic pathogens and biowarfare- or bioterrorism-associated agents that must be detected rapidly on-site from various samples (e.g., viscera and powders). An up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (UPT–LF) strip was developed as a point-of-care testing (POCT) to satisfy the requirements of first-level emergency response. We developed UPT–LF POCT to quantitatively detect the three pathogens within 15 min. Sample and operation-error tolerances of the assay were comprehensively evaluated. The sensitivity of UPT–LF assay to bacterial detection reached 104 cfu·mL−1 (100 cfu/test), with a linear quantitative range of 4 to 6 orders of magnitude. Results revealed that the UPT–LF assay exhibited a high specificity with the absence of false-positive results even at 109 cfu·mL−1 of non-specific bacterial contamination. The assay could tolerate samples with a wide pH range (2 to 12), high ion strengths (≥4 mol·L−1 of NaCl), high viscosities (≤25 mg·mL−1 of PEG20000 or ≥20% of glycerol), and high concentrations of bio-macromolecule (≤200 mg·mL−1 of bovine serum albumin or ≥80 mg·mL−1 of casein). The influence of various types of powders and viscera (fresh and decomposed) on the performance of UPT–LF assay was determined. The operational error of liquid measurement exhibited few effects on sensitivity and specificity. The developed UPT–LF POCT assay is applicable under field conditions with excellent tolerance to sample complexity and operational error.