Reference Data for Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Measured byBioelectrical Impedance in Croatian Youth
2021
Fat mass and fat-free mass have become useful clinical indices
in determining healthy growth and physical development during
critical periods of childhood and adolescence; however, despite
a wide range of nutritional surveillance its study is limited
by a lack of reference data. The purpose of this study was to
establish sex-specific and age-specific standards for fat mass
and fat-free mass in a large sample of Croatian children and
adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, we collected data
from 12,678 participants aged 11 to 18 years old (mean age +/-
standard deviation (SD): 14.17 +/- 2.25 years; height 164.56
+/- 11.31 cm; weight: 57.45 +/- 13.73 kg; body mass index:
21.24 +/- 3.67 kg/m(2); 53% girls). Fat mass and fat-free mass
were measured three times by bioelectrical impedance. The
Lambda, Mu and Sigma methods were used to create percentile
charts for fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI;
fat mass and fat-free mass divided by height(2)). Sex and age
differences were calculated using an analysis of variance
(ANOVA) with post hoc comparisons. Boys had lower FMI (from
2.66 to 3.89) and higher FFMI values (from 16.90 to 17.80) in
all age groups, compared to girls (for FMI from 2.79 to 5.17
and for FFMI from 14.50 to 14.90, p < 0.001). In boys, FMI
slightly declined until the age of 14, after which an increase
from the age of 15 to 18 was observed. In girls, FMI gradually
increased from the age of 11 to 18 (p < 0.001). In general,
FFMI increased by age in boys [F(7,5440) = 52.674, p < 0.001],
while girls had more stable FFMI across all age groups
[F(7,7222) = 2.728, p = 0.057]. The newly established
sex-specific and age-specific reference data could be used for
national surveillance and to screen for children and
adolescents with high FMI and low FFMI.
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