Non-traditional risk factors for coronary calcification and its progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: The impact of postprandial glycemia and fetuin-A

ObjectiveThis study was performed to assess the impact of risk factors on the presence and progression of coronary calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 45 patients without cardiovascular or kidney disease. Coronary calcification was measured with multidetector computed tomography at baseline and 18 months. We also measured blood pressure; body mass index; serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D; mineral bone density; and levels of alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, fetuin-A, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, homocysteine, lipids, HbA1c, and average preprandial and postprandial blood glucose at 18 months. Information about severe hypoglycemia and smoking was recorded. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated. Multiple linear regression was used for the multivariate analysis.ResultsThe median baseline calcium score was 63, and that at 18 months was 100. In the univariate analysis, albumin was significantly cor...