Osmanlı döneminden günümüze Saraybosna müslüman mezar taşları

2011 
This study aims to research the M uslim gravestones during Ottoman period in Bosnia-Herzegovina dating from the period 15 th to 19 th century by comparing them with the ones in Istanbul, Edirne, Bursa and Iznik and to find out the extent of the influence of the earlier periods on today’s gravestone building in the region. The regions of Sarajevo, Mostar, Livno and Glamoc where there are many Ottoman gravestones were specifically chosen in order to carry out the study. In these regions, 277 gravestones were identified and inventoried in terms of their forms, epigraphs and motifs. Each gravestone in the inventory was sketched and the epigraphs on them were deciphered. Besides, taking other studies on the subject into consideration, the gravestones in the region of Bosnia-Herzegovina were analysed. 193 gravestones of them were identified in Sarajevo. This city was a little town until the 15 th century but after the Ottoman conquest it became the most important city of the region. First Muslim gravestones’s samples might have been imported to this area from Istanbul or Uskup. Some tombstones does not have epitaphs and they would have been erected during conquest for Ottoman soldiers or Ottoman rulling class who died in Sarajevo. Gravestones which were belonged to 16 th century have Arabic epitaphs which begins with “kad entekale el-merhum…” are very few. Afterwards epitaphs were written in Ottoman Turkish language and frequently those epitaphs began with “Huve’l-Hayyu’l-Bâki” or “Ah mine’l-mevt”. However, in 16 th century some inscriptions on tombstones are written in Bosnian language by using Bosancitsa alphabeth. Bosnian people after the Ottoman conquest became Moslem but learning Ottoman Turkish language takes long time so they preferred to write inscriptions in Bosnian language. Muslim gravestones in this area are not well-decorated as in capital cities of Ottoman Empire. Women gravestones in this city has only one shape which is called pediment. Very few samples have different form which are in mosque’s hazire or graveyards. Those tombstones belong to upper class families and probably are imported from Istanbul or Uskup for them. In addition to that some women tombstones have fes but those are very few. Men gravestones have turban. This form is the basic form of Ottoman tombstones. In the center of empire, this basic form was developed by stone-makers. They were educated by masters who are working in palace. They were the members of ehl-i hiref However, in Sarajevo stone-makers had very few models and they were not the member of palace’s artist groups. In Sarajevo center there is a tombstone which has unique form. It is in Ali Pahsa Mosque. M. Mujezinovic claimed that this grave belongs to son of Tatar Shah. Food stone and head stone are well-decorated, all these symbols can find other tombstones in Sarajevo. These symbols are birds, axe, hand, arrow, bow, yataghan, moon, knobs, animal. On facede of stones there is not any inscription. This grave is dated back to 15 th century. Women tombstones have few symbols especially in 19th century, whose facade of stones is decorated by circles, flowers and very few of them have trees (cypres tree). In conclusion, it has been found out that the present-day gravestones of Muslim Bosnians in the region of Bosnia-Herzegovina are built under the influence of both the Ottoman culture and the Bosnian culture of the Middle Ages, and that the gravestones have become a symbol for Muslim Bosnians. However, the present-day gravestones in Turkey differ from the ones in Bosnia-Herzegovina in that they are not built under the influence of the Ottoman culture. This is because Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina underwent different developments in the course of their history, especially in the 21 st century. Specifically, the Turkish Republic, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, underwent a swift transition period due to fundamental revolutions leading to a different social structure. Keywords: Ottoman gravestones, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sarajevo muslim gravestones.
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