ALN-RSV01 for prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after respiratory syncytial virus infection in lung transplant recipients

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in lung transplant (LTx) patients is associated with an increased incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). ALN-RSV01 is a small interfering RNA targeting RSV replication that was shown in an earlier Phase 2a trial to be safe and to reduce the incidence of BOS when compared with placebo. Methods We performed a Phase 2b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in RSV-infected LTx patients to examine the impact of ALN-RSV01 on the incidence of new or progressive BOS. Subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive aerosolized ALN-RSV01 or placebo daily for 5 days. Results Of 3,985 symptomatic patients screened, 218 were RSV-positive locally, of whom 87 were randomized to receive ALN-RSV01 or placebo (modified intention-to-treat [mITT] cohort). RSV infection was confirmed by central laboratory in 77 patients (ALN-RSV01, n = 44; placebo, n = 33), which comprised the primary analysis cohort (central mITT [mITTc]). ALN-RSV01 was found to be safe and well-tolerated. At Day 180, in ALN-RSV01–treated patients, compared with placebo, in the mITTc cohort there was a trend toward a decrease in new or progressive BOS (13.6% vs 30.3%, p = 0.058), which was significant in the per-protocol cohort ( p = 0.025). Treatment effect was enhanced when ALN-RSV01 was started Conclusions These results confirm findings of the earlier Phase 2a trial and provide further support that ALN-RSV01 reduces the risk of BOS after RSV in LTx recipients.