Strategies and challenges for nursery production: Perspectives on where we're going and where we've been

During the past century, seedling production has changed in accordance with technology and new knowledge. Many strategies have been developed to address challenges associated with pests, environmental conditions, and customer demands. Although the underlying concepts for growing seedlings have remained relatively constant, technological advances have enabled nurseries to improve stock quality significantly. As we move further into the 21st century, nurseries continue to face new challenges and develop new strategies with regard to pest management regulations, personnel shortages, demand for conservation species, economic hardships, and climate change.