Chronic exercise accelerates the degeneration–regeneration cycle and downregulates insulin-like growth factor-1 in muscle of mdx mice

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic running exercise on degenerative-regenerative processes in the hindlimb muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. The number of large-sized de- generative-regenerative groups (DRGs) was markedly decreased, whereas that of small-sized DRGs was unchanged by exercise. Expression of insulin- like growth factor-1 (Igf1), as well as a myogenic factor MyoD (Myod1), was downregulated in mdx muscles by exercise. The downregulation of Igf1 may well correlate with the decrease in the population of early regenerating fibers, which existed predominantly in DRGs, because IGF-1 was mainly localized in these fibers. Our data indicate that chronic exercise may accel- erate the active cycle of degeneration-regeneration in mdx skeletal mus- cles. This means that mdx skeletal muscles can temporarily cope with work-induced injury by enhancing muscle regeneration and repair, but we speculate that an early decline of IGF-1 will accelerate age-dependent muscle wasting and weakness in the later stage of life in mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 32: 191-199, 2005