TLR7 expression aggravates invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis by suppressing anti-Aspergillus immunity of macrophages.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in early immune recognition of Aspergillus, which can regulate host defense during invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA). However, the role of TLR7 in the pathogenesis of IPA remains unknown. In this study, an in vivo model of IPA was established to investigate the contribution of TLR7 to host anti-Aspergillus immunity upon invasive pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection. The effects of TLR7 on phagocytosis and killing capacities of A. fumigatus by macrophages and neutrophils were investigated in vitro. We found that TLR7 knockout mice exhibited lower lung inflammatory response and tissue injury, higher fungal clearance, and greater survival in an in vivo model of IPA as compared with wild-type mice. TLR7 activation by R837 ligand led wild-type mice more susceptible to invasive pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Macrophages, but not neutrophils, were required for the protection against IPA observed in TLR7 knockout mice. Mechanistically, TLR7 impaired phagocytosis and killing of A. fumigatus by macrophages, but not neutrophils. Together, these data identify TLR7 as an important negative regulator of anti-Aspergillus innate immunity in IPA, and we propose that targeting TLR7 may be beneficial in treatment of IPA.