Spatial and temporal variability of sea breezes and synoptic influences over the surface wind field of the Yucatán Peninsula

The balance between synoptic and sea-breeze atmospheric phenomena can profoundly influence atmospheric circulation in coastal regions. In this paper, a comprehensive study to understand the quasi-permanent patterns of such variability over the surface wind field of the Yucatan Peninsula is described. We performed a Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis on 10 years (May 2007-May 2017) of modelled surface winds from the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (hereafter, NAM). Bandpass filtering was applied to the time series obtained from the CEOF analysis, to study the low and high-frequency temporal behavior that can be associated with the modes. Results show that for the period from October to March, cold fronts dominate in two different patterns (first two modes), which damp the local winds (breezes). By the end of this season, the influence of tropical systems, although smaller, is noticeable (third mode). From April to September the peninsula is dominated by sea-breezes accentuated at the western shelf (first mode) while land-breezes exhibit lesser dominance than sea-breezes (third mode). In this period synoptic processes exert milder influence over local winds. A distinctive phenomenon represented by the second mode during this period is the occurrence of peninsula-wide sea-breeze (double-sea breeze). The results of this work have important implications for atmospheric pollutant dispersion, wind wave generation and coastal erosion, among others.