Nanoarchitectonics of Cerium Oxide/Zinc Oxide/Graphene Oxide Composites for Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Behavior in HeLa and VERO Cell Lines

Using the ultrasonic approach, we produced a morphology involving a cerium oxide/ zinc oxide/graphene oxide nanocomposite-based system. The developed nanocomposite was examined using X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The average crystallite size was found to be 11.44 nm, as determined by XRD. An FTIR analysis was used to confirm the existence of functional groups. FESEM was used to verify the morphological properties of CeO2/ZnO/GO. The micromorphology of the CeO2/ZnO/GO nanocomposite reveals a smoother sheet-like structure. In addition, using an antiproliferative assay test, the developed nanosystem was evaluated for its scavenging anti-cancer capability against HeLa cell lines in various doses at various incubation intervals. In our investigation, the effective IC50 concentration was reported to be 62.5 µg/ml at 72 h. Further, the developed nanosystem was evaluated for its killing efficacy against a normal cell line. To identify the apoptosis-associated alterations of cell membranes throughout the apoptosis process, a dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining was done using the CeO2/ZnO/GO nanocomposite in three specific concentrations. The quantitative analysis was carried out using flow cytometry (FACS study) to determine the cell cycle during which the greatest number of HeLa cells were destroyed. According to the results of the FACS investigation, the maximum cell cycle has taken place in P2, P4.As a result, the newly designed CeO2/ZnO/GO hybrid has demonstrated improved anti-cancer efficacy against the HeLa cell line, making it a better therapeutic agent for cervical cancer detection.