Low-level metal contamination and chelation in cardiovascular disease - a ripe area for toxicology research.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. In spite of cardiovascular prevention, there is residual risk not explicable by traditional risk factors. Metal contamination even at levels previously considered safe in humans may be a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis. This review examines evidence that 2 metals, lead and cadmium, demonstrate sufficient toxicological and epidemiologic evidence to attribute causality for atherosclerotic disease. Basic science suggests that both metals have profound adverse effects on the human cardiovascular system, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, an increase in inflammatory markers, and reactive oxygen species, all of which are pro-atherosclerotic. Epidemiological studies have shown both metals to have an association with cardiovascular disease, such as peripheral arterial disease, ischemic heart disease and cardiovascular mortality. This review also examines edetate disodium-based chelation as a possible pharmacotherapy to reduce metal burden in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease and thus potentially reduce cardiovascular events.