Coxiella burnetii Infection in Hemodialysis and Other Vascular Grafts

Prosthetic arteriovenous (AV) graft infection is the principal cause of morbidity related to chronic hemodialysis AV graft fistula. Coxiella burnetii is a known pathogen that causes fever, pneumonia, and intravascular infections with the limitation of negative cultures. Herein, we report the first case of a patient who presented to the emergency department of our hospital with a prosthetic hemodialysis AV graft infection due to Coxiella burnetii. We also performed a literature search with PubMed to identify studies reporting cases of Coxiella burnetii vascular graft infection. Overall, we reviewed 15 cases of vascular graft infection, including ours. We found a high prevalence of male patients (87%); mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of the entire population was 60.4 ± 9.6 years. The dacron infrarenal aortic and the aortobifemoral bypass were the most common involved grafts. The early diagnosis of infection due to Coxiella burnetii was done by serology or with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in 12 and 3 cases, respectively. All patients underwent partial or complete resection of the infected grafts; the most common antibiotic treatment for this entity was doxycycline and hydroxycloroquine. Although this is a relatively rare disease, Coxiella burnetii should be included in the differential diagnosis of all patients who present with infection of an endovascular graft of any nature with an inconclusive etiologic diagnosis.