Sex and Gender Omic biomarkers in men and women with COPD: Considerations for precision medicine.

Abstractn Sex and gender differences in lung health and disease are imperative to consider and study if precision pulmonary medicine is to be achieved. The development of reliable COPD biomarkers has been elusive and the translation of biomarkers to clinical care has been limited. Useful and effective biomarkers must be developed with attention to clinical heterogeneity of COPD-there is inherent heterogeneity related to grouping women and men together in the studies of COPD. Considering sex and gender differences and influences related to Omics may represent progress in susceptibility, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarker development and clinical innovation to improve the lung health of men and women.