Mitral Annular Calcification and Calcific Mitral Stenosis: Therapeutic Challenges and Considerations

Purpose of review Mitral annular calcification (MAC) and associated calcific mitral stenosis (MS) are frequent in the aging population, although optimal management remains debated and outcomes are poor. This article summarizes challenges in the diagnosis and therapy of calcific MS, the indications for valve intervention, procedural concerns, and emerging treatment options.