A biphasic change in ribosomal conformation during transneuronal degeneration is altered by inhibition of mitochondrial, but not cytoplasmic protein synthesis

Following loss of eighth nerve input, 20-40% of neurons in the neonatal chick cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), undergo cell death. Intracellular changes that precede the death of NM neurons include increased oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial volume, decreased cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and destruction of ribosomes. Six hours following afferent deprivation, dying NM neurons demonstrate complete loss of ribosomes and cessation of protein synthesis, suggesting that the rapid destruction of ribosomes leads to neuronal death. Increased NM neuron death occurs when mitochondrial upregulation is prevented by chloramphenicol, a mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibitor. This finding suggests that increased oxidative capacity is required for neuronal survival following loss of afferent input. To study changes in the ribosomes of afferent-deprived NM neurons, we obtained a monoclonal antibody to ribosomal RNA. This monoclonal antibody, Y 106, labels ribosomes of all NM neurons receiving normal synaptic activity. Following removal of afferent input, NM neurons demonstrate a biphasic change in their pattern of Y 1 OB label. During the initial phase, there is a uniform decrease in the density of YlOB label. In the second phase, some NM neurons recover the capacity to bind the YlOB antibody while others remain unlabeled. During this second phase, NM neurons putatively destined to die, based on their failure to synthesize protein, are unlabeled by the YlOB antibody. New gene expression is not necessary to initiate the change in ribosomal immunoreactivity that leads deafferented NM neurons toward cell death. Blocking cytoplasmic protein synthesis with cycloheximide had no effect on the biphasic change in Y 108 labeling of afferent-deprived NM neurons. Treating chicks with chloramphenicol, however, prevented the recovery of YlOB immunoreactivity in NM neurons during the second phase of the response to afferent deprivation.