Multi-method virtual electromagnetic experiments for developing suitable monitoring designs: A fictitious CO2 sequestration scenario in Northern Germany
2015
We present a numerical study for 3D time-lapse electromagnetic monitoring of a
fictitious CO2 sequestration using the geometry of a real geological site and a suite
of suitable electromagnetic methods with different source/receiver configurations and
different sensitivity patterns. All available geological information is processed and
directly implemented into the computational domain, which is discretized by unstructured
tetrahedral grids. We thus demonstrate the performance capability of our
numerical simulation techniques.
The scenario considers a CO2 injection in approximately 1100 m depth. The expected
changes in conductivity were inferred from preceding laboratory measurements.
A resistive anomaly is caused within the conductive brines of the undisturbed
reservoir horizon. The resistive nature of the anomaly is enhanced by the CO2 dissolution
regime, which prevails in the high-salinity environment. Due to the physicochemical
properties of CO2, the affected portion of the subsurface is laterally widespread
but very thin.
We combine controlled-source electromagnetics, borehole transient electromagnetics,
and the direct-current resistivity method to perform a virtual experiment with
the aim of scrutinizing a set of source/receiver configurations with respect to coverage,
resolution, and detectability of the anomalous CO2 plume prior to the field
survey. Our simulation studies are carried out using the 3D codes developed in our
working group. They are all based on linear and higher order Lagrange and N´ed´elec
finite-element formulations on unstructured grids, providing the necessary flexibility
with respect to the complex real-world geometry. We provide different strategies for
addressing the accuracy of numerical simulations in the case of arbitrary structures.
The presented computations demonstrate the expected great advantage of positioning
transmitters or receivers close to the target. For direct-current geoelectrics, 50%
change in electric potential may be detected even at the Earth’s surface. Monitoring
with inductive methods is also promising. For a well-positioned surface transmitter,
more than 10% difference in the vertical electric field is predicted for a receiver located
200 m above the target. Our borehole transient electromagnetics results demonstrate
that traditional transient electromagnetics with a vertical magnetic dipole source is
not well suited for monitoring a thin horizontal resistive target. This is due to the
mainly horizontal current system, which is induced by a vertical magnetic dipole.
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