Interoceptive Approaches to Embodiment Research

Interoception refers to the processing and perception of signals arising from inside the body. Currently, there are two alternative conceptualizations of interoception: (1) an ‘inclusive’ view considering all bodily signals from inside the body as relevant for interoception, and (2) an ‘exclusive’ view, which is based on receptor types and neurophysiology, and, therefore, a focus on visceroception. These conceptualizations have different implications for the underlying neurophysiology and, therefore, the mechanisms behind embodiment. Thereafter, we discuss current models of interoception and provide definitions of the most common interoceptive terms, which include interoceptive accuracy, sensibility, sensitivity, awareness, and prediction error. We then present examples of interoceptive paradigms to assess different elements of interoception models. Typical interoceptive indicators include self-reports, behavioral measures, and neurophysiological indices. Finally, we discuss the link between interoceptive indicators and emotional experience and emotion regulation, consciousness, and decision-making. These findings illustrate the relevance of interoceptive indicators for embodiment.