Acute myeloid leukemia and lung cancer occurring in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient treated with fludarabine and autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation

Summary An increased incidence of different malignancies associated to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been reported. The association of CLL and acute leukemia is a rare event described in <1% of CLL, the type of acute leukemia being either from the lymphoid or more often from the myeloid lineage. The coexistence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and CLL in the same patient has been occasionally reported. Most of these cases have been associated with the administration of chemotherapy or radioterapy for CLL, suggesting that the former may be a secondary leukemia. On the other hand, CLL could precede, but could also be diagnosed at the same, or delayed time as AML, suggesting the presence of other leukemogenic factors. We describe the exceptional development of AML and lung cancer in a patient with previously diagnosed CLL in minimal residual disease status after fludarabine treatment followed by autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation.