Effect of IrO2 loading on RuO2–IrO2–TiO2 anodes: A study of microstructure and working life for the chlorine evolution reaction

Abstract RuO 2 –IrO 2 –TiO 2 /Ti anodes are widely used in chlor-alkali and chlorate industry. The working life is of particular importance for anodes. The relationship between the content of IrO 2 and working life was investigated. The microstructure of the anode with 0.5 mg/cm 2 IrO 2 is much more homogeneous than those with lower IrO 2 contents. Both the size of particles containing RuO 2 and IrO 2 and the content of rutile TiO 2 phase in anodes decrease with increased IrO 2 content. The working life of anode with 0.5 mg/cm 2 IrO 2 is almost double that of the anode with 0.3 mg/cm 2 IrO 2 .