Effects of molybdenum content on the structure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti–10Zr-based alloys for biomedical applications

Abstract The effects of molybdenum on the structure and mechanical properties of a Ti–10Zr-based system were studied with an emphasis on improving the strength/modulus ratio. Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) was used as a control. As-cast Ti–10Zr and a series of Ti–10Zr–xMo (x = 1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 wt.%) alloys prepared using a commercial arc-melting vacuum pressure casting system were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis was conducted with a diffractometer. Three-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of all specimens. The experimental results indicated that these alloys had different structures and mechanical properties when various amounts of Mo were added. The as-cast Ti–10Zr has a hexagonal α′ phase, and when 1 wt.% Mo was introduced into the Ti–10Zr alloy, the structure remained essentially unchanged. However, with 3 or 5 wt.%, the martensitic α″ structure was found. When increased to 7.5 wt.% or greater, retention of the metastable β phase began. The ω phase was observed only in the Ti–10Zr–7.5Mo alloy. Among all Ti–10Zr-xMo alloys, the α″-phase Ti–10Zr–5Mo alloy had the lowest elastic modulus. It is noteworthy that all the Ti–10Zr and Ti–10Zr–xMo alloys had good ductility. In addition, the Ti–10Zr–5Mo and Ti–10Zr–12.5Mo alloys exhibited higher bending strength/modulus ratios at 20.1 and 20.4, respectively. Furthermore, the elastically recoverable angles of these two alloys (26.4° and 24.6°, respectively) were much greater than those of c.p. Ti (2.7°). Given the importance of these properties for implant materials, the low modulus, excellent elastic recovery capability and high strength/modulus ratio of α″ phase Ti–10Zr–5Mo and β phase Ti–10Zr–12.5Mo alloys appear to make them promising candidates.