Engineering Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated modulation of protein translocation by overlapping binding and signaling peptide sequences

Abstract Protein translocation is used by cells to regulate protein activity in time and space. Synthetic systems have studied the effect of second messengers and exogenous chemicals on translocation, and have used translocation-based sensors to monitor unrelated pathways such as caspase activity. We have created a synthetic Ca 2+ -inducible protein using calmodulin binding peptides that selectively reveal nuclear localization and export signals in low Ca 2+ (0 μM) and high Ca 2+ (10 μM) environments, respectively. Experiments in live cells showed that our construct translocates between the nucleolus and plasma membrane with time constants of approximately 2 h. Further, a single amino acid mutation (Cys20Ala) in our construct prevented translocation to the plasma membrane and instead targeted it the mitochondria as predicted by bioinformatic analysis. Lastly, we studied the effect of cell line, Ca 2+ concentration, chemical inhibitors, and cell morphology on translocation and found these conditions affected the rate, extent and direction of translocation. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of engineering Ca 2+ /calmodulin-mediated modulation of protein translocation and suggests that more natural analogs may exist.