Wavefront-shaping focusing based on a modified sparrow search algorithm

Abstract We demonstrate a novel optimization method for wavefront-shaping focusing based on phase modulation. The proposed modified sparrow search algorithm achieves a higher convergence rate and a larger enhancement than the sparrow search algorithm by introducing crossover and mutation operations. Through a simulation, the validity of the proposed method is confirmed by comparison with the result of the algorithm without a modification. Further results indicate that the proposed method is robust to noisy environments. In summary, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other well-known wavefront-shaping focusing algorithms. Our work may be helpful for potential applications of wavefront shaping as well as offers useful insights for the modification of existing algorithms for focusing use.